% vi:tw=90 fdm=marker fdl=0:
% $Id: club.tex,v 1.62 2004/02/03 12:31:04 jettero Exp $

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{kgc}
\usepackage{jgo}

\makeindex

\begin{document}
    \Title{The \KGO}{An introduction for beginners v0.9 -- plus some other trivia}{Paul Miller}{\ARK{} AGA}
    \thispagestyle{empty} \tableofcontents \newpage
    \thispagestyle{empty} \listoffigures   \newpage
    \setcounter{page}{1}

    \section{Introduction}
        \subsection{The Author(s)}
        \subsubsection*{Paul Miller [author]}
        I'm not really qualified to write this document.  Well, I do feel qualified to
        explain this game to people below a certain skill level; but, in the grand scheme
        of things, \ARK{} is really not very high at all.  In fact, I'm a beginner.
        Though, in all fairness, many of the people I'd call experts might feel the same
        way.

        If you were curious, I'm a computer nerd with a bachelors degree in computer
        science and an actual (good) job in the tech sector.  I discovered this game in
        the year 2003 and cannot stop thinking about it.

        Why did I start this club?  Well, I really enjoy playing this game with real
        stones on a real board.  Playing on the Internet can actually be quite fun, but in
        my opinion it's not a good enough substitute for the real thing.  People are more
        interesting face to face and Go should be a social game.

        I apologize for authoring this document in the first person.  It seemed easier,
        for me and the reader; though I suspect it's less technically correct this way.
        
        \noindent \\ --Paul

        \subsection{This Document}
        My goals for this document are not very lofty.  I wanted something to hand out if
        people wanted something to learn from.  A good introduction to the game seemed
        appropriate.  It also seemed like a fantastic place to produce some \KGO{}
        culture.  Go is a very old game.  There are many different rules and scoring
        systems.  There's also a variety of nomenclatures to choose from.

        In this document I will silently favor all things Japanese (Japanese scoring,
        names, etc).  I provide no justification for this whatsoever.  It's simply what
        I'm used to and what I prefer; though, it should be noted that the American Go
        Association rules are very similar to the Japanese rules.

        \subsection{What is Go?}
        Go is a 3,000 year old game from China.  The oldest known book on Go was written
        in A.D. 0094, was written in Mandarin, and is still considered applicable today!
        It is usually played on a board with 19 vertical lines and 19 horizontal lines.

            % a full board {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            \jpos{d}{ 4}=\black{ 1}
            \jpos{q}{16}=\white{ 2}
            \jpos{d}{17}=\black{ 3}
            \jpos{r}{ 3}=\white{ 4}
            \jpos{d}{15}=\black{ 5}
            \jpos{c}{13}=\white{ 6}
            \jpos{c}{14}=\black{ 7}
            \jpos{d}{13}=\white{ 8}
            \jpos{k}{17}=\black{ 9}
            \jpos{c}{ 9}=\white{10}
            
            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[hbt]
            $$
            \showfulldiagram
            $$
            \caption{a full board}
            \label{full}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

        Strangely for those readers used to chess, checkers, or nearly any other board
        game, Go pieces are played on the cross hatches instead of the spaces between
        them.  There's an example (in \fref{full}) showing the first 10 moves of a game.

        The game is often compared to chess although the two games are very different.
        Just about the only things they have in common are the colors of the pieces, the
        absence of chance, and that the pieces are meant to represent military units.

        Another surprising difference is that the pieces in Go do not move.  The board
        starts empty and the players fill it in; trying to gain as much territory as
        possible along the way.

    \section{The Basics}
        \subsection{The Rules}
        You can learn all the rules of Go in three minutes but it takes thirty years to
        master.  I'm paraphrasing an old Go proverb.  The point is, the rules are actually
        quite simple.  One of the hardest parts is scoring, which can be a little
        confusing at first.  Therefore, we'll save that for last.

        Before I forget, Black always goes first and White is always the more experienced
        player.

            \subsubsection{Groups}
            Stones that touch each other form groups.  Places where they touch are called
            a \fullterm{connection}{tsugi}.  I have drawn four example groups in
            \fref{grp}.

            % group examples {{{
            \inifulldiagram
            
            \jpos{d}{4}=\black.

            \jpos{j}{4}=\black.
            \jpos{k}{4}=\black.
            \jpos{l}{4}=\black.
            \jpos{m}{3}=\black{\triangle}

            \jpos{r}{3}=\black. \jpos{q}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{s}{3}=\black. \jpos{r}{4}=\white. \jpos{q}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{t}{3}=\black. \jpos{s}{4}=\white. \jpos{q}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{2}=\black. \jpos{t}{4}=\white. \jpos{q}{1}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{1}=\black.

            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram o-t:1-19
            $$
            \caption{group examples}
            \label{grp}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            The single stone at D4 is a group of one stone.  The group at K4 is a group of
            three stones with an additional group of one stone \textblack{\triangle} next
            to it.  Once again, the center group is really two groups because stones do
            not connect diagonally.  Finally, the strange black group in the corner is a
            group of 5 stones.  They are connected vertically from R1 to R3 and
            horizontally from R3 to T3.  

            \subsubsection{Liberties}
            You may actually be wondering if there's anything special about the group
            that's touching the edges.  You may have heard that, since this game has
            something to do with walls and territory, that it's probably a wall or a fort
            or something.  It's not.  Actually it's a special kind of dead group
            (\spref{dead}).

            Go, besides being about territory, is all about life and death.  A stone is
            said to be alive if it has open \term{liberties}; that is, a place around the
            stone where one of the cross hatches sticks out.  Note that a stone on the
            edge of the board has only 3 liberties instead of three and a stone in the
            corner has only two.  Unless they're connected to something they're already at
            a disadvantage if they're on the edge.

            Now, back to \fref{grp}.  The group (one stone), at D4 has four liberties.  The
            group in the center (not counting the marked stone), has eight liberties.  That
            five stone black group on the corner has only three liberties!

            \subsubsection{Life and Death}
            If the liberties on a group are ever reduced to 0, that group is dead (or
            captured) and the pieces are removed from the board.  There will be many
            examples on the topic of life and death in this document.  In \fref{lnd1}, by
            playing \textwhite{1}, the marked black stones (\textblack{\triangle}) die and
            will be removed from the board.  Unmarked white stones should be assumed to
            have already been there and unmarked black stones will not be killed by the
            move.

            % L&D exmaples {{{
            \inifulldiagram

                                \jpos{d}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{c}{4}=\white. \jpos{d}{4}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{e}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{c}{3}=\white. \jpos{d}{3}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{e}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{c}{2}=\white. \jpos{d}{2}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{e}{2}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{f}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{d}{1}=\white. \jpos{e}{1}=\white.  \jpos{f}{3}=\black. \jpos{f}{4}=\black.
            \jpos{e}{3}=\white{1}

            \jpos{k}{2}=\white. \jpos{l}{2}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{m}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{k}{1}=\white. \jpos{l}{1}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{m}{1}=\white.
            \jpos{l}{3}=\white{1}

            \jpos{p}{3}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{p}{5}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{p}{4}=\black{\triangle}
            \jpos{q}{3}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{q}{5}=\black{\triangle}
            \jpos{r}{3}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{r}{5}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{r}{4}=\black{\triangle}
            \jpos{o}{3}=\white. \jpos{o}{4}=\white. \jpos{o}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{s}{3}=\white. \jpos{s}{4}=\white. \jpos{s}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{p}{6}=\white. \jpos{q}{6}=\white. \jpos{r}{6}=\white.
            \jpos{p}{2}=\white. \jpos{q}{2}=\white. \jpos{r}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{q}{4}=\white{1}

            
            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram o-t:1-19
            $$
            \caption{example kills}
            \label{lnd1}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            The move at Q4 is interesting and special.  Black could not have played it.
            If Black had played that position it would have reduced the groups liberties
            to 0.  If reducing a group's liberties to 0 kills it, then this would
            constitute a \term{suicide} move.  You cannot make a \term{suicide} move in
            the Japanese\index{Japanese} and AGA rules.  You can in some rule sets, but
            that is beyond the scope of this document.

            Again, since you cannot make a suicide move, Black could not play Q4.  White
            can play the position because the black stones die, thus opening liberties for
            the stone.  Another way to think of it:  Black dies before White needs
            to breathe.

            You can make positions that are unkillable.  There are several examples in
            \fref{eyese}.  The positions are unkillable because White can never play both
            marked positions at the same time.  Technically, you can't play the first
            position because a suicide move is illegal; but even if you could play it, the
            stone would die and wouldn't be there on your next turn.

            % eye exmaples {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            % 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 5 . . . + . o o o o o o o o o o o . . .
            % 4 . . . . . o x x x o x x x x x o o o o
            % 3 o o o o o o x . x o x . x . x o x x x
            % 2 x x x x o o x x x o x x x x x o x . x
            % 1 . x . x o o x . x o o o o o o o x x .
            %   A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T

            \jpos{a}{3}=\white. \jpos{b}{3}=\white. \jpos{c}{3}=\white. \jpos{d}{3}=\white. \jpos{e}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{e}{2}=\white. \jpos{e}{1}=\white. \jpos{a}{2}=\black. \jpos{b}{2}=\white. \jpos{c}{2}=\black. 
            \jpos{d}{2}=\black. \jpos{b}{1}=\black. \jpos{d}{1}=\black.

            \jpos{f}{1}=\white. \jpos{k}{1}=\white. \jpos{q}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{2}=\white. \jpos{k}{2}=\white. \jpos{q}{2}=\white. \jpos{h}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white. \jpos{k}{3}=\white. \jpos{q}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{4}=\white. \jpos{k}{4}=\white. \jpos{q}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{5}=\white.

                                \jpos{l}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{1}=\black. \jpos{j}{1}=\black.
            \jpos{m}{5}=\white. \jpos{m}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{2}=\black. \jpos{j}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{n}{5}=\white. \jpos{n}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{3}=\black. \jpos{j}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{o}{5}=\white. \jpos{o}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{4}=\black. \jpos{j}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{p}{5}=\white.                     \jpos{h}{2}=\black. \jpos{h}{4}=\black.

            \jpos{l}{4}=\white. \jpos{l}{2}=\black. \jpos{l}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{m}{4}=\black. \jpos{m}{2}=\black. \jpos{n}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{n}{4}=\black. \jpos{n}{2}=\black. \jpos{p}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{o}{4}=\black. \jpos{o}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{p}{4}=\black. \jpos{p}{2}=\white.

            \jpos{r}{4}=\white. \jpos{s}{4}=\white. \jpos{t}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{3}=\black. \jpos{s}{3}=\black. \jpos{t}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{2}=\black. \jpos{s}{1}=\black. \jpos{t}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{r}{1}=\black.


            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram o-t:1-19
            $$
            \caption{eye examples}
            \label{eyese}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            Each of the holes in the black formations are known as an \fullterm{eye}{me}.
            When there are two eyes in a group, it is said to be unconditionally
            \term{alive}\index{alive!unconditional}.

            We must also be careful, however, to guard against the dreaded \fullterm{false
            eye}{kake-me}.  Each of the examples in \fref{kakemee} shows a group with at
            least one {\em false} eye.  Note that at least one set of stones in each group
            is killable with one move.  

            % kake-me exmaples {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            % 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 5 . . . + . o o o o o o o o o o o . . .
            % 4 . . . . . o x x x o x x x x x o o o o
            % 3 o o o o o o x . x o x . x . x o x x x
            % 2 x x x x o o x x x o x x x x x o x . x
            % 1 . x . x o o x . x o o o o o o o x x .
            %   A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T

            \jpos{a}{3}=\white. \jpos{b}{3}=\white. \jpos{c}{3}=\white. \jpos{d}{3}=\white. \jpos{e}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{e}{2}=\white. \jpos{e}{1}=\white. \jpos{a}{2}=\black. \jpos{b}{2}=\white. \jpos{c}{2}=\black. 
            \jpos{d}{2}=\black. \jpos{b}{1}=\black. \jpos{d}{1}=\black.

            \jpos{f}{1}=\white. \jpos{k}{1}=\white. \jpos{q}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{2}=\white. \jpos{k}{2}=\white. \jpos{q}{2}=\white. \jpos{h}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white. \jpos{k}{3}=\white. \jpos{q}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{f}{4}=\white. \jpos{k}{4}=\white. \jpos{q}{4}=\white.

                                \jpos{l}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{1}=\black. \jpos{j}{1}=\black.
            \jpos{m}{5}=\white. \jpos{m}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{2}=\black. \jpos{j}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{n}{5}=\white. \jpos{n}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{3}=\black. \jpos{j}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{o}{5}=\white. \jpos{o}{1}=\white. \jpos{g}{4}=\white. \jpos{j}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{p}{5}=\white.                     \jpos{h}{2}=\black. \jpos{h}{4}=\black.

            \jpos{l}{4}=\white. \jpos{l}{2}=\black. \jpos{l}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{m}{4}=\black. \jpos{m}{2}=\black. \jpos{n}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{n}{4}=\black. \jpos{n}{2}=\white. \jpos{p}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{o}{4}=\black. \jpos{o}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{p}{4}=\black. \jpos{p}{2}=\white.

            \jpos{r}{4}=\white. \jpos{s}{4}=\white. \jpos{t}{4}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{3}=\black. \jpos{s}{3}=\black. \jpos{t}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{2}=\black. \jpos{s}{1}=\black. \jpos{t}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{r}{1}=\white.


            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram o-t:1-19
            $$
            \caption{kake-me examples}
            \label{kakemee}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            \subsubsection{Ko} \index{ko|(}
            H2 and O3 in \fref{kakemee} are actually interesting in that they lead into
            this section on \term{ko}.  They are bad examples, but they count.  Pretend
            that it's White's turn and consider the position in \fref{koe1}, specifically D3.

            % ko example {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            % 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 5 . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . + . . .
            % 4 . . . x o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 3 . . x . x o . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 2 . . . x o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            % 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            %   A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T

            \jpos{c}{3}=\black.  \jpos{d}{4}=\black.  \jpos{d}{2}=\black.  \jpos{e}{3}=\black.
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white.  \jpos{e}{4}=\white.  \jpos{e}{2}=\white.

            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram o-t:1-7
            $$
            \caption{ko example}
            \label{koe1}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            If White plays D3, then Black plays E3, then White plays D3, then Black plays
            E3, then White plays D3, then Black plays E3 \ldots{} well, they invented a
            \term{ko rule} to prevent this sort of silly play\index{ko!rule}.

            A \term{ko} is this kind of position that could repeat forever.  Be careful
            that some things look like a ko when they are not.  If the position doesn't
            repeat precisely, it's not a ko.  Some rules state that it must be only one
            stone, others do not\footnote{The author is actually referring to the Ing Ko
            Rule and the SuperKo Rule; neither will be discussed here.}.  \index{HERE}

            Simply, when White captures by playing D3, Black may not play E3 until he
            plays somewhere else first.  Then, on White's turn, she may choose to fill the
            ko, or go answer Black's last play.  If White answers Blacks play, rather than
            filling at E3; only then may Black play E3 to capture back\index{ko!filling}.

            This sort of exchange is called a \term{ko fight}\index{ko!fight} and is
            actually one of Go's most charming features.  The more skilled you are at Go,
            the more you'll get out of a \term{ko fight}.

            % another ko example {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            % 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . . .  5 . . . + . . . . . + . . o o x o o
            % . .  4 . . . x o . . . . . . . . x o . . . .  3 . . x o   o . . . x . . . x
            % o . . . .  2 . . . x o . . . . . . . . x x o o . .  1 . . . . . . . . . . .
            % . . . . . . . .  A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T

            \jpos{c}{3}=\black.  \jpos{d}{4}=\black.  \jpos{d}{2}=\black.
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white.  \jpos{e}{4}=\white.  \jpos{e}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{d}{3}=\white{1}\jpos{k}{3}=\black.  
            
            \jpos{o}{2}=\black.  \jpos{n}{5}=\white.  \jpos{q}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{o}{3}=\black.  \jpos{o}{5}=\white.  \jpos{r}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{o}{4}=\black.  \jpos{p}{3}=\white.  \jpos{q}{2}=\white.
            \jpos{r}{2}=\white.  \jpos{p}{4}=\white.  \jpos{p}{3}=\white.
            \jpos{p}{2}=\black.  \jpos{p}{5}=\black.  \jpos{q}{4}=\black{2}
            \jpos{p}{6}=\black.  \jpos{q}{3}=\white{3}

            \gofontsize{10} \begin{figure}[htb] $$ \showdiagram o-t:1-19 $$
            \caption{another ko example} \label{koe2} \end{figure}
            % }}}

            In \fref{koe2} I have layed out a very simple \term{ko} fight.  After
            \textwhite{1}, Black cannot play at E3 because it is a \term{ko}.  So, Black
            makes the move at \textblack{2} which is known as a \term{ko
            threat}\index{ko!threat} \footnote{Ko is sometimes translated as {\em long
            time}; but, probably means threat.  The often used term \term{ko threat} is,
            therefore, probably redundant -- but is still the saying of choice.} because
            it threatens the capture of the stones at P3 and P4.  

            White is now put to the decision.  Will White play E3 to end the
            \term{ko} fight (letting Black capture at \textwhite{3})?  Or will White save her
            corner in the lower right?  This case isn't 100\% clear.  It depends on what's
            nearby!  But hopefully you see some possibilities about how \term{ko} fights
            could play out.  And if not, don't worry.  Play games.  It will become obvious
            in time.
            \index{ko|)}

        \subsection{Scoring and Handicaps}
            Scoring is a frustrating topic for beginners.  Scoring itself is fairly
            simple, which you will see, but deciding when the game is over is a bit
            subjective.  
            
            A game of Go is over when both players \index{pass}pass on
            \index{pass!consecutive}consecutive turns.  You can pass on any turn, but if
            both players pass, it ends the game.  Like any other move in Go, deciding when
            you're done is a strategic decision.  We'll get back to that.  First, let's
            score a game.  The game in \fref{realgame} is over.  Both players have
            passed and it's time for the scoring.  

            % jettero-nichus.sgf {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T
            % 19 . X X X O . O . O O X X . . . . . . . 19
            % 18 X . X O O O . O . O O X . . . . . . . 18
            % 17 O X X O . . . . O O X . . X . X X . X 17
            % 16 O X O + . O O . O X X X X X X X X X O 16
            % 15 O O O O . . O O X X X O O X O O X O O 15
            % 14 O . O O O . . O O O O X O O O X O O . 14
            % 13 . O X O X O O O X O . X X . O X X O . 13
            % 12 O O X X X X O . X X X X . X O X . . . 12
            % 11 X X . . X O . O X X X . X X O O O O . 11
            % 10 . X X X O O . O X + . X O O O + . . O 10
            %  9 . X O . X O . O O X X O . . O O . O . 9
            %  8 . X O X X O . O X X O . O . O X O . O 8
            %  7 . . . X O . O X X O O O O O O X O O O 7
            %  6 . X X O O . O O X O O X O X O X O X X 6
            %  5 . X O O . O X X X X X X O X X X X . X 5
            %  4 . . X X O . O X X X O O X . X X O X . 4
            %  3 . . X O . O O O O X O X X X . . O O X 3
            %  2 . . X O O X X . O O O X . . . . X X . 2
            %  1 . . X X O . . . . O X X . . . . . . . 1
            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T


            \jpos{e}{19}=\white. \jpos{g}{19}=\white. \jpos{j}{19}=\white. \jpos{k}{19}=\white. 
            \jpos{d}{18}=\white. \jpos{e}{18}=\white. \jpos{f}{18}=\white. \jpos{h}{18}=\white. 
            \jpos{k}{18}=\white. \jpos{l}{18}=\white. \jpos{a}{17}=\white. \jpos{d}{17}=\white. 
            \jpos{j}{17}=\white. \jpos{k}{17}=\white. \jpos{a}{16}=\white. \jpos{c}{16}=\white. 
            \jpos{f}{16}=\white. \jpos{g}{16}=\white. \jpos{j}{16}=\white. \jpos{t}{16}=\white. 
            \jpos{a}{15}=\white. \jpos{b}{15}=\white. \jpos{c}{15}=\white. \jpos{d}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{g}{15}=\white. \jpos{h}{15}=\white. \jpos{m}{15}=\white. \jpos{n}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{15}=\white. \jpos{q}{15}=\white. \jpos{s}{15}=\white. \jpos{t}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{a}{14}=\white. \jpos{c}{14}=\white. \jpos{d}{14}=\white. \jpos{e}{14}=\white. 
            \jpos{h}{14}=\white. \jpos{j}{14}=\white. \jpos{k}{14}=\white. \jpos{l}{14}=\white. 
            \jpos{n}{14}=\white. \jpos{o}{14}=\white. \jpos{p}{14}=\white. \jpos{r}{14}=\white. 
            \jpos{s}{14}=\white. \jpos{b}{13}=\white. \jpos{d}{13}=\white. \jpos{f}{13}=\white. 
            \jpos{g}{13}=\white. \jpos{h}{13}=\white. \jpos{k}{13}=\white. \jpos{p}{13}=\white. 
            \jpos{s}{13}=\white. \jpos{a}{12}=\white. \jpos{b}{12}=\white. \jpos{g}{12}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{12}=\white. \jpos{f}{11}=\white. \jpos{h}{11}=\white. \jpos{p}{11}=\white. 
            \jpos{q}{11}=\white. \jpos{r}{11}=\white. \jpos{s}{11}=\white. \jpos{e}{10}=\white. 
            \jpos{f}{10}=\white. \jpos{h}{10}=\white. \jpos{n}{10}=\white. \jpos{o}{10}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{10}=\white. \jpos{t}{10}=\white. \jpos{c}{9}=\white.  \jpos{f}{9}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{9}=\white.  \jpos{j}{9}=\white.  \jpos{m}{9}=\white.  \jpos{p}{9}=\white.  
            \jpos{q}{9}=\white.  \jpos{s}{9}=\white.  \jpos{c}{8}=\white.  \jpos{f}{8}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{8}=\white.  \jpos{l}{8}=\white.  \jpos{n}{8}=\white.  \jpos{p}{8}=\white.  
            \jpos{r}{8}=\white.  \jpos{t}{8}=\white.  \jpos{e}{7}=\white.  \jpos{g}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{k}{7}=\white.  \jpos{l}{7}=\white.  \jpos{m}{7}=\white.  \jpos{n}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{o}{7}=\white.  \jpos{p}{7}=\white.  \jpos{r}{7}=\white.  \jpos{s}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{t}{7}=\white.  \jpos{d}{6}=\white.  \jpos{e}{6}=\white.  \jpos{g}{6}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{6}=\white.  \jpos{k}{6}=\white.  \jpos{l}{6}=\white.  \jpos{n}{6}=\white.  
            \jpos{p}{6}=\white.  \jpos{r}{6}=\white.  \jpos{c}{5}=\white.  \jpos{d}{5}=\white.  
            \jpos{f}{5}=\white.  \jpos{n}{5}=\white.  \jpos{e}{4}=\white.  \jpos{g}{4}=\white.  
            \jpos{l}{4}=\white.  \jpos{m}{4}=\white.  \jpos{r}{4}=\white.  \jpos{d}{3}=\white.  
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white.  \jpos{g}{3}=\white.  \jpos{h}{3}=\white.  \jpos{j}{3}=\white.  
            \jpos{l}{3}=\white.  \jpos{r}{3}=\white.  \jpos{s}{3}=\white.  \jpos{d}{2}=\white.  
            \jpos{e}{2}=\white.  \jpos{j}{2}=\white.  \jpos{k}{2}=\white.  \jpos{l}{2}=\white.  
            \jpos{e}{1}=\white.  \jpos{k}{1}=\white.  
            \jpos{b}{19}=\black. \jpos{c}{19}=\black. 
            \jpos{d}{19}=\black. \jpos{l}{19}=\black. \jpos{m}{19}=\black. \jpos{a}{18}=\black. 
            \jpos{c}{18}=\black. \jpos{m}{18}=\black. \jpos{b}{17}=\black. \jpos{c}{17}=\black. 
            \jpos{l}{17}=\black. \jpos{o}{17}=\black. \jpos{q}{17}=\black. \jpos{r}{17}=\black. 
            \jpos{t}{17}=\black. \jpos{b}{16}=\black. \jpos{k}{16}=\black. \jpos{l}{16}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{16}=\black. \jpos{n}{16}=\black. \jpos{o}{16}=\black. \jpos{p}{16}=\black. 
            \jpos{q}{16}=\black. \jpos{r}{16}=\black. \jpos{s}{16}=\black. \jpos{j}{15}=\black. 
            \jpos{k}{15}=\black. \jpos{l}{15}=\black. \jpos{o}{15}=\black. \jpos{r}{15}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{14}=\black. \jpos{q}{14}=\black. \jpos{c}{13}=\black. \jpos{e}{13}=\black. 
            \jpos{j}{13}=\black. \jpos{m}{13}=\black. \jpos{n}{13}=\black. \jpos{q}{13}=\black. 
            \jpos{r}{13}=\black. \jpos{c}{12}=\black. \jpos{d}{12}=\black. \jpos{e}{12}=\black. 
            \jpos{f}{12}=\black. \jpos{j}{12}=\black. \jpos{k}{12}=\black. \jpos{l}{12}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{12}=\black. \jpos{o}{12}=\black. \jpos{q}{12}=\black. \jpos{a}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{b}{11}=\black. \jpos{e}{11}=\black. \jpos{j}{11}=\black. \jpos{k}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{l}{11}=\black. \jpos{n}{11}=\black. \jpos{o}{11}=\black. \jpos{b}{10}=\black. 
            \jpos{c}{10}=\black. \jpos{d}{10}=\black. \jpos{j}{10}=\black. \jpos{m}{10}=\black. 
            \jpos{b}{9}=\black.  \jpos{e}{9}=\black.  \jpos{k}{9}=\black.  \jpos{l}{9}=\black.  
            \jpos{b}{8}=\black.  \jpos{d}{8}=\black.  \jpos{e}{8}=\black.  \jpos{j}{8}=\black.  
            \jpos{k}{8}=\black.  \jpos{q}{8}=\black.  \jpos{d}{7}=\black.  \jpos{h}{7}=\black.  
            \jpos{j}{7}=\black.  \jpos{q}{7}=\black.  \jpos{b}{6}=\black.  \jpos{c}{6}=\black.  
            \jpos{j}{6}=\black.  \jpos{m}{6}=\black.  \jpos{o}{6}=\black.  \jpos{q}{6}=\black.  
            \jpos{s}{6}=\black.  \jpos{t}{6}=\black.  \jpos{b}{5}=\black.  \jpos{g}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{h}{5}=\black.  \jpos{j}{5}=\black.  \jpos{k}{5}=\black.  \jpos{l}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{m}{5}=\black.  \jpos{o}{5}=\black.  \jpos{p}{5}=\black.  \jpos{q}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{r}{5}=\black.  \jpos{t}{5}=\black.  \jpos{c}{4}=\black.  \jpos{d}{4}=\black.  
            \jpos{h}{4}=\black.  \jpos{j}{4}=\black.  \jpos{k}{4}=\black.  \jpos{n}{4}=\black.  
            \jpos{p}{4}=\black.  \jpos{q}{4}=\black.  \jpos{s}{4}=\black.  \jpos{c}{3}=\black.  
            \jpos{k}{3}=\black.  \jpos{m}{3}=\black.  \jpos{n}{3}=\black.  \jpos{o}{3}=\black.  
            \jpos{t}{3}=\black.  \jpos{c}{2}=\black.  \jpos{f}{2}=\black.  \jpos{g}{2}=\black.  
            \jpos{m}{2}=\black.  \jpos{r}{2}=\black.  \jpos{s}{2}=\black.  \jpos{c}{1}=\black.  
            \jpos{d}{1}=\black.  \jpos{l}{1}=\black.  \jpos{m}{1}=\black.  

            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showfulldiagram
            $$
            \caption{a real game}
            \label{realgame}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            Scoring is simply counting the number of \fullterm{points}{moku} (the
            cross-hatches {\empty}), under the control of each player.  Count Black's
            territory in the upper right corner.  There are 18 \term{moku} that I
            can count.  The sum of all of Black's territory (in this fashion) is his score.

            There are some places that you should not count.  L13 and O13 are
            \fullterm{neutral}{dame} points.  Your stones do not count toward your score;
            so, neither White nor Black has bothered to play L13 or O13.  If they had, it
            would not have changed the number of \term{moku} under their control.

            There are some places that we count twice!  The groups at C13, C8, R3, and F2
            are all dead.  Neither player bothered to kill such stones before the end of
            the game because they felt confident that their territory was 
            \fullterm{very secure}{kautei-ji}.  
            
            They felt that even if the surrounded groups tried to make two eyes, they
            would be unable to find the room to do so.  For example, if White tried to
            play Q3, Black would play Q2.  The situation has not improved for the White
            group.  Then, if White played P3, Black would answer P2, thus capturing the
            group of stones.

            Each capture is worth one point and each \term{moku} is worth one point.  This
            is why some places are counted twice.  The stones at R3 are dead.  They're
            worth 6 points in total: 3 points for the removed stones and another
            3 points for the territory underneath them.

            If you count the lower right corner, counting the dead stones twice, you
            should get 23 points -- don't forget O4, S5, and T4!  Now, if you count every
            point on the board (which I don't recommend, but have done), you will find
            that White has 47 \term{moku} plus 6 captures, or $47 + 2(6) = 59$.  Black has
            60 \term{moku} plus 5 captures, or $60 + 2(5) = 70$.  So, the final score,
            Black wins by 11 points ($70 - 59 = 11$).

            % jettero-nichus.sgf seichi1 {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T
            % 19 . X X X O . O . O O X X . . . . . . . 19
            % 18 X . X O O O . O . O O X . . . . . . . 18
            % 17 O X X O . . . . O O X . . X . X X . X 17
            % 16 O X O + . O O . O X X X X X X X X X O 16
            % 15 O O O O . . O O X X X O O X O O X O O 15
            % 14 O . O O O . . O O O O X O O O X O O . 14
            % 13 . O X O X O O O X O . X X . O X X O . 13
            % 12 O O X X X X O . X X X X . X O X . . . 12
            % 11 X X . . X O . O X X X . X X O O O O . 11
            % 10 . X X X O O . O X + . X O O O + . . O 10
            %  9 . X O . X O . O O X X O . . O O . O . 9
            %  8 . X O X X O . O X X O . O . O X O . O 8
            %  7 . . . X O . O X X O O O O O O X O O O 7
            %  6 . X X O O . O O X O O X O X O X O X X 6
            %  5 . X O O . O X X X X X X O X X X X . X 5
            %  4 . . X X O . O X X X O O X . X X O X . 4
            %  3 . . X O . O O O O X O X X X . . O O X 3
            %  2 . . X O O X X . O O O X . . . . X X . 2
            %  1 . . X X O . . . . O X X . . . . . . . 1
            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T

            \jpos{e}{19}=\white. \jpos{a}{13}=\white. \jpos{j}{19}=\white. \jpos{k}{19}=\white. 
            \jpos{d}{18}=\white. \jpos{e}{18}=\white. \jpos{e}{17}=\white. \jpos{b}{14}=\white. 
            \jpos{k}{18}=\white. \jpos{l}{18}=\white. \jpos{a}{17}=\white. \jpos{d}{17}=\white. 
            \jpos{j}{17}=\white. \jpos{k}{17}=\white. \jpos{a}{16}=\white. \jpos{c}{16}=\white. 
            \jpos{e}{16}=\white. \jpos{e}{15}=\white. \jpos{j}{16}=\white. \jpos{t}{16}=\white. 
            \jpos{a}{15}=\white. \jpos{b}{15}=\white. \jpos{c}{15}=\white. \jpos{d}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{j}{18}=\white. \jpos{j}{1}=\white.  \jpos{m}{15}=\white. \jpos{n}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{15}=\white. \jpos{q}{15}=\white. \jpos{s}{15}=\white. \jpos{t}{15}=\white. 
            \jpos{a}{14}=\white. \jpos{c}{14}=\white. \jpos{d}{14}=\white. \jpos{d}{16}=\white. 
            \jpos{j}{2}=\white.  \jpos{j}{14}=\white. \jpos{k}{14}=\white. \jpos{l}{14}=\white. 
            \jpos{n}{14}=\white. \jpos{o}{14}=\white. \jpos{p}{14}=\white. \jpos{o}{8}=\white. 
            \jpos{o}{9}=\white.  \jpos{b}{13}=\white. \jpos{d}{13}=\white. \jpos{f}{13}=\white. 
            \jpos{g}{13}=\white. \jpos{h}{13}=\white. \jpos{k}{13}=\white. \jpos{p}{13}=\white. 
            \jpos{e}{14}=\white. \jpos{a}{12}=\white. \jpos{b}{12}=\white. \jpos{g}{12}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{12}=\white. \jpos{f}{11}=\white. \jpos{h}{11}=\white. \jpos{p}{11}=\white. 
            \jpos{m}{8}=\white.  \jpos{n}{9}=\white.  \jpos{g}{11}=\white. \jpos{e}{10}=\white. 
            \jpos{f}{10}=\white. \jpos{h}{10}=\white. \jpos{n}{10}=\white. \jpos{o}{10}=\white. 
            \jpos{p}{10}=\white. \jpos{g}{10}=\white. \jpos{f}{4}=\white.  \jpos{f}{9}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{9}=\white.  \jpos{j}{9}=\white.  \jpos{m}{9}=\white.  \jpos{p}{9}=\white.  
            \jpos{s}{8}=\white.  \jpos{g}{9}=\white.  \jpos{e}{3}=\white.  \jpos{f}{8}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{8}=\white.  \jpos{l}{8}=\white.  \jpos{n}{8}=\white.  \jpos{p}{8}=\white.  
            \jpos{r}{8}=\white.  \jpos{t}{8}=\white.  \jpos{e}{7}=\white.  \jpos{g}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{k}{7}=\white.  \jpos{l}{7}=\white.  \jpos{m}{7}=\white.  \jpos{n}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{o}{7}=\white.  \jpos{p}{7}=\white.  \jpos{r}{7}=\white.  \jpos{s}{7}=\white.  
            \jpos{t}{7}=\white.  \jpos{d}{6}=\white.  \jpos{e}{6}=\white.  \jpos{g}{6}=\white.  
            \jpos{h}{6}=\white.  \jpos{k}{6}=\white.  \jpos{l}{6}=\white.  \jpos{n}{6}=\white.  
            \jpos{p}{6}=\white.  \jpos{r}{6}=\white.  \jpos{c}{5}=\white.  \jpos{d}{5}=\white.  
            \jpos{f}{5}=\white.  \jpos{n}{5}=\white.  \jpos{e}{4}=\white.  \jpos{g}{4}=\white.  
            \jpos{l}{4}=\white.  \jpos{m}{4}=\white.  \jpos{f}{7}=\white.  \jpos{d}{3}=\white.  
            \jpos{f}{3}=\white.  \jpos{g}{3}=\white.  \jpos{h}{3}=\white.  \jpos{j}{3}=\white.  
            \jpos{l}{3}=\white.  \jpos{e}{5}=\white.  \jpos{f}{6}=\white.  \jpos{d}{2}=\white.  
            \jpos{e}{2}=\white.  \jpos{g}{8}=\white.  \jpos{k}{2}=\white.  \jpos{l}{2}=\white.  
            \jpos{e}{1}=\white.  \jpos{k}{1}=\white.  

            \jpos{b}{19}=\black. \jpos{c}{19}=\black. 
            \jpos{d}{19}=\black. \jpos{l}{19}=\black. \jpos{m}{19}=\black. \jpos{a}{18}=\black. 
            \jpos{c}{18}=\black. \jpos{m}{18}=\black. \jpos{b}{17}=\black. \jpos{c}{17}=\black. 
            \jpos{l}{17}=\black. \jpos{k}{10}=\black. \jpos{l}{10}=\black. \jpos{m}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{17}=\black. \jpos{b}{16}=\black. \jpos{k}{16}=\black. \jpos{l}{16}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{16}=\black. \jpos{n}{16}=\black. \jpos{o}{16}=\black. \jpos{p}{16}=\black. 
            \jpos{q}{16}=\black. \jpos{r}{16}=\black. \jpos{s}{16}=\black. \jpos{j}{15}=\black. 
            \jpos{k}{15}=\black. \jpos{l}{15}=\black. \jpos{o}{15}=\black. \jpos{r}{15}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{14}=\black. \jpos{d}{11}=\black. \jpos{c}{13}=\black. \jpos{e}{13}=\black. 
            \jpos{j}{13}=\black. \jpos{m}{13}=\black. \jpos{n}{13}=\black. \jpos{c}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{d}{9}=\black.  \jpos{c}{12}=\black. \jpos{d}{12}=\black. \jpos{e}{12}=\black. 
            \jpos{f}{12}=\black. \jpos{j}{12}=\black. \jpos{k}{12}=\black. \jpos{l}{12}=\black. 
            \jpos{m}{12}=\black. \jpos{o}{12}=\black. \jpos{n}{12}=\black. \jpos{a}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{b}{11}=\black. \jpos{e}{11}=\black. \jpos{j}{11}=\black. \jpos{k}{11}=\black. 
            \jpos{l}{11}=\black. \jpos{n}{11}=\black. \jpos{o}{11}=\black. \jpos{b}{10}=\black. 
            \jpos{c}{10}=\black. \jpos{d}{10}=\black. \jpos{j}{10}=\black. \jpos{m}{10}=\black. 
            \jpos{a}{10}=\black. \jpos{e}{9}=\black.  \jpos{k}{9}=\black.  \jpos{l}{9}=\black.  
            \jpos{c}{9}=\black.  \jpos{d}{8}=\black.  \jpos{e}{8}=\black.  \jpos{j}{8}=\black.  
            \jpos{k}{8}=\black.  \jpos{q}{8}=\black.  \jpos{d}{7}=\black.  \jpos{h}{7}=\black.  
            \jpos{j}{7}=\black.  \jpos{q}{7}=\black.  \jpos{c}{7}=\black.  \jpos{c}{6}=\black.  
            \jpos{j}{6}=\black.  \jpos{m}{6}=\black.  \jpos{o}{6}=\black.  \jpos{q}{6}=\black.  
            \jpos{s}{6}=\black.  \jpos{t}{6}=\black.  \jpos{c}{8}=\black.  \jpos{g}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{h}{5}=\black.  \jpos{j}{5}=\black.  \jpos{k}{5}=\black.  \jpos{l}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{m}{5}=\black.  \jpos{o}{5}=\black.  \jpos{p}{5}=\black.  \jpos{q}{5}=\black.  
            \jpos{r}{5}=\black.  \jpos{t}{5}=\black.  \jpos{c}{4}=\black.  \jpos{d}{4}=\black.  
            \jpos{h}{4}=\black.  \jpos{j}{4}=\black.  \jpos{k}{4}=\black.  \jpos{n}{4}=\black.  
            \jpos{p}{4}=\black.  \jpos{q}{4}=\black.  \jpos{s}{4}=\black.  \jpos{c}{3}=\black.  
            \jpos{k}{3}=\black.  \jpos{m}{3}=\black.  \jpos{r}{4}=\black.  \jpos{r}{1}=\black.  
            \jpos{t}{4}=\black.  \jpos{c}{2}=\black.  \jpos{a}{19}=\black. \jpos{b}{18}=\black.  
            \jpos{m}{2}=\black.  \jpos{o}{4}=\black.  \jpos{s}{5}=\black.  \jpos{c}{1}=\black.  
            \jpos{d}{1}=\black.  \jpos{l}{1}=\black.  \jpos{m}{1}=\black.  

            \jpos{l}{13}=\black{\triangle} \jpos{o}{13}=\white{\triangle}
            \jpos{h}{12}=\white{\triangle}

            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram n-t:10-19
            $$
            \caption{LR after seichi}
            \label{seichi1}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}
            
            There is an easier way to count.  If you rearrange the stones into countable
            shapes it can dramatically reduce the chore of scoring.  Let's look at the
            lower right corner.  We know there is 23 points there; however, they're a bit
            difficult to count.  If we rearrange the stones into straight lines (shown in
            \fref{seichi1}) we can simply multiply the sides and subtract the lonely stone
            at R1: $7 \cdot 3 - 1 = 20$.  
            
            Rather than counting the 3 captured white stones as black territory, I have
            moved them into secure white territory.  Subtracting the 3 \term{moku} from
            White's territory is additively equivalent to counting them as Black
            territory.  I have done the same thing with the captured black pieces.  
            
            I have also filled in the \term{dame} points (marked with triangles).  It is
            important when filling \term{dame} points, you use fresh pieces and not pieces
            from the board!  Using pieces from the board to fill \term{dame} would alter
            the score.

            % jettero-nichus.sgf seichi2 {{{
            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showfulldiagram
            $$
            \caption{the board after seichi}
            \label{seichi2}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            There is a Japanese word for rearranging the stones like I did.  It is called
            \term{seichi}.  The entire board, after \term{seichi} is pictured in
            \fref{seichi2}.  Let's count it.  Black has both lower corners and the upper
            right one: $ (2 \cdot 9) + (7 \cdot 3 - 1) + (7 \cdot 3) = 59 $.  White has
            the other three areas: $(3 \cdot 6) + (2 \cdot 3) + (6 \cdot 4) = 48$.  Now,
            these point totals do differ from the area described above, but the final
            score works out the same: $59-48 = 11$.  Black wins by 11 \term{moku}.

            You may be feeling quite baffled right now.  Trust me, it's easier than it
            sounds.  Count both diagrams if need be.  Or better yet, go to the club every
            Thursday for practice!

            \subsubsection{Komi and Handicaps}
            I left out an important part of scoring.  Since White is at a disadvantage for
            going second she is awarded $5 \frac{1}{2}$ \term{moku}.  So really, in the
            game above, Black only won by $4 \frac{1}{2}$ points.  $5 \frac{1}{2}$ is the
            \term{komi} given for a 19x19 game in the Japanese rules.  On smaller boards
            $5 \frac{1}{2}$ \term{moku} can be a huge amount.

            Though you can't tell from its appearance at the end of the game,  Black in
            \fpref{realgame}, was given a four stone handicap.  In the Japanese rules, the
            stones are placed on the \fullterm{star points}{hoshi} in the corners.
            Though, in other rules, the stones can go anywhere and some experienced players
            simply don't care where the handicap stones go.  A five stone handicap setup
            is shown in \fref{5hoshi}.

            % 5hoshi.sgf {{{
            \inifulldiagram

            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T
            % 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
            % 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
            % 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
            % 16 . . . X . . . . . + . . . . . X . . . 16
            % 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
            % 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
            % 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
            % 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
            % 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
            % 10 . . . + . . . . . X . . . . . + . . . 10
            %  9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
            %  8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
            %  7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
            %  6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
            %  5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
            %  4 . . . X . . . . . + . . . . . X . . . 4
            %  3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
            %  2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
            %  1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
            %    A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T


            
            \jpos{d}{16}=\black. \jpos{q}{16}=\black. \jpos{k}{10}=\black. \jpos{d}{4}=\black.  
            \jpos{q}{4}=\black.  

            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showfulldiagram
            $$
            \caption{H5 setup}
            \label{5hoshi}
            \end{figure}
            % }}}

            Typically, when Black is given a handicap, White will get a \term{komi} of
            $\frac{1}{2}$.  A \term{komi} of $\frac{1}{2}$ means, more simply, that White
            takes ties.  There is sometimes some confusion about how to setup a one stone
            handicap game.  Basically, there's no such thing.  Black goes first like
            normal, but White takes a \term{komi} of $\frac{1}{2}$ instead of $5
            \frac{1}{2}$.

            In some games, Black is given the \term{komi} instead of White.  This is known
            as a \term{reverse komi}\index{komi!reverse}.  It gives Black the opportunity
            to play out their own \fullterm{opening moves}{fuseki} (see \spref{fusekis})
            instead of being stuck with the standard handicap positions.

            \subsubsection{Skills and Ranks}\index{rank|(}
            Just how much is a handicap stone worth?  There have been numerous debates
            about that.  ``About 25 years ago [bill@SL] did some statistics on pro-pro
            handicap games and concluded that each handicap stone was worth around 13.5
            points\footnote{Taken from {\em http://senseis.xmp.net/?Handicap}}\ldots''

            If you play Go, eventually someone will guess your rank.  Go ranks, run from
            30kyu to 1kyu\index{rank!kyu}.  30kyu is the lowest rank you can have and 1kyu
            players are nearly masters of the game.

            The difference between a 22kyu and a 24kyu player is {\em about 2 stones}.
            So, if you play \aARK{} (like myself), and you find you win about half the time
            given a 4 stone handicap, then you are probably \aARKfsh.  If you find that
            your rank should be something like 40kyu or 50kyu when you're first starting,
            report your rank as 30kyu -- it is the lowest rank.

            Beyond the kyu ranks are the dan players.  They are the true masters.
            \index{rank!kyu}\index{rank!dan}  Dan ranks run from 1 to 7 or more -- higher
            numbers being better.  The difference between amateur dan ranks is typically a
            stone or so.  

            There are professional players all over Asia.  Professional dan ranks are a
            little different.  A pro first-dan would be about 5dan amateur.  The
            difference between pro dan ranks can be as little as $\frac{1}{3}$ stone.

            There are professional tournaments in Asia that can award over a million U.S.
            dollars!

            \index{rank|)}

  %  \section{Basic Strategy}
  %      It is a little silly for \aARK{} to be writing a document on Basic Strategy.  In
  %      many ways I'm still a beginner.  However, there are quite a few things I can
  %      impart to a total beginner.  First, some elementary Go problems.  This is a very
  %      tiny set of problems.  If you look, you will find thousands and thousands on the
  %      Internet.

  %      Most, if not all, of the problems in this document will be \term{tsumego} --
  %      problems with only one solution.  Also, in every single problem, you should assume
  %      that it is Black's turn.

  %      \subsection{Some Problems}
  %      % \index{HERE}
  %      \subsection{The Dead Shapes} \label{dead}
  %      \subsection{More Problems}
  %      \subsection{Basic Fuseki} \label{fusekis}
  %      \subsection{Proverbs}

    \section{Japanese} \index{Japanese|(}
    Although Go is a Chinese game (originally), most American players refer to familiar
    moves and shapes by their Japanese names.  It is said that this is because Go was
    brought to America through Japan.  Forgive me for not including the Kanji (Japanese
    pictographs) with these terms.  They really should be in here; but they were too
    difficult to include for this printing.

    This may seem like a large number of terms, but believe me, it's a tiny fraction of
    the Japanese words you'll encounter playing this game.  Also, please note, there's no
    real reason to learn these.  You'll pick them up in context as your skills improve.

    \subsection{Pronunciation} \label{jppron} \index{Japanese!pronunciation}
    Japanese is amazingly easy to pronounce.  Two of the Japanese lettering systems are
    phonetographs.  That differs from an alphabet in the following way.  Each letter is a
    sound or set of sounds that doesn't change.  The ``a'' sound in f{\em a}ther and f{\em
    a}te differs a great deal.  The Japanese system would have a whole new letter for that
    sound.  Actually, the sounds mostly come in consonant-vowel pairs -- except for just
    a couple sounds.

    Having learned two of the writing systems does give me a huge advantage, but on the
    whole it's still very easy to pronounce.  First, imagine breaking up the words into
    consonant-vowel pairs.  Let's try the word \term{mokuhazushi}.

    If you split it up into it's Hirigana sounds it's: {\em mo-ku-ha-zu-shi}.  And you say
    it stutteringly, {\em mo}, {\em ku}, {\em ha}, {\em zu}, {\em shi}.  Though, I have
    also noticed that fluent Japanese speakers tend to try to say everything as fast as
    possible.  There's only two things left to know.  In Japanese, like Latin, you
    pronounce every single vowel.  So, \term{miai} is three syllables: {\em mi}, {\em a},
    {\em i} (each one being it's own letter).  
    
    Oh and there are two of the exceptions.  In Hirigana the only letters that are not
    composed of a consonant-vowel pair are {\em a}, {\em i}, {\em u}, {\em e}, {\em o} and
    {\em n}.  Though, there is a letter for things like {\em ni}, and {\em na}.  The
    exceptions are mostly used for word endings.

    The only thing left to know, for the most part, is the sounds the vowels make.  They
    are listed in \fref{jpvwls}.

        \begin{figure}[htb]
            \begin{center}
            \begin{tabular}{|l|l|} \hline
                {\em a} & ``a'' in f{\em a}ther. \\ \hline
                {\em e} & ``e'' in b{\em e}t. \\ \hline
                {\em i} & ``ee'' in s{\em ee}. \\ \hline
                {\em o} & ``oa'' in b{\em oa}t. \\ \hline
                {\em u} & ``oo'' in b{\em oo}t. \\ \hline
            \end{tabular}
            \end{center}
        \caption{Japanese vowels}
        \label{jpvwls}
        \end{figure}

    Using the chart above and our new syllable discovery tools, \term{hane} is now known
    to be a {\em ha}, followed by a {\em ne}, rather than the reflexive single syllable {\em hain}-type
    noise you might be tempted to make.

    \subsection{Some Basic Japanese Go Terms} \index{Japanese!terms}

    \newcommand{\jitem}[1]{\item{#1}\label{jp#1}\index{#1} --}
    \begin{itemize}
        \jitem{shicho} A ladder.  There is no escape for the marked stone.
            \inifulldiagram

            \jpos{k}{6}=\white. \jpos{j}{5}=\white. \jpos{l}{5}=\white.
            \jpos{l}{4}=\white. \jpos{k}{5}=\black{\triangle}

            \jpos{k}{4}=\black{1}  \jpos{k}{3}=\white{2} 
            \jpos{j}{4}=\black{3}  \jpos{h}{4}=\white{4} 
            \jpos{j}{3}=\black{5}  \jpos{j}{2}=\white{6}
            \jpos{h}{3}=\black{7}  \jpos{g}{3}=\white{8}
            \jpos{h}{2}=\black{9}  \jpos{h}{1}=\white{10}
            \jpos{g}{2}=\black{11} \jpos{f}{2}=\white{12}
            \jpos{g}{1}=\black{13} \jpos{f}{1}=\white{14}
            
            \gofontsize{10}
            \begin{figure}[htb]
            $$
            \showdiagram n-t:1-19
            $$
            \caption{shicho}
            \label{shichofirst}
            \end{figure}

        \jitem{semeai}      capture race.
        \jitem{miai}        more than one move
        \jitem{tsumego}     problem with only one solution
        \jitem{tesuji}      skillful move
        \jitem{atari}       one liberty left
        \jitem{hane}        reach around
        \jitem{moyo}        territorial framework
        \jitem{keshi}       erasing move
        \jitem{hasami}      pincer
        \jitem{me}          eye
        \jitem{kake-me}     false eye
        \jitem{tsuke}       a play that touches your opponents stones
        \jitem{tsugi}       connection
        \jitem{kake-tsugi}  hanging connection
        \jitem{keima}       knight move
        \jitem{oogeima}     big knight move
        \jitem{kosumi}      diagonal move
        \jitem{atekomi}     a play that cuts one of the miai to connect a kosumi
        \jitem{oiotoshi}    connect and die
        \jitem{san-san}     3-3
        \jitem{hoshi}       4-4 (or more generally, any star point)
        \jitem{komoku}      3-4
        \jitem{mokuhazushi} 3-5
        \jitem{takemoku}    4-5
        \jitem{shimari}     corner enclosure
        \jitem{kakari}      shimari that's half white, half black
        \jitem{yose}        the end game
        \jitem{fuseki}      the opening moves
        \jitem{dame}        worthless points
        \jitem{moku}        point
        \jitem{tengen}      center
    \end{itemize}
    \index{Japanese|)}

    \section{Credits, Colophon, etc}
        \subsection*{Orien Vandenbergh [typesetting help]}
        My friend Orien Vandenbergh helped me fix and repair a Go style package for
        typesetting the Go diagrams herein.  
        
        \subsection*{Leigh Tsuji [Japanese help]}
        A co-worker, Leigh Tsuji, double checked the section on Japanese Pronunciation
        (\spref{jppron}) for me.  He is fluent in Nihongo (Japanese). \index{Japanese}

        \subsection*{Danna Miller [English help]}
        My beloved wife helped me a great deal by proofreading this document exhaustively.
        Note that the tone of this document is intended to be quite colloquial and that
        should not be a reflection on her skills as a proofreader.

        \subsection*{Colophon}
        This document was typeset in entirely in \LaTeX2e{}.  The revisions are kept in a
        CVS repository.  This version is: \\
        
        \verb$Id: club.tex,v 1.62 2004/02/03 12:31:04 jettero Exp $ \\

        Actually, there are several more parts to the document.  And if you're interested,
        all of the source files and compiled documents are available online at: \\

        \verb$ http://www.voltar.org/kgs/tmp/latex $

    \newpage
    \pagestyle{empty}
    \printindex
    % \include{poster}
    % \include{poster}
    % \index{POSTER}
    % \include{poster}
\end{document}
